Deputy Chief Gender Monitor Unpacks Gender-Responsive Budgeting

On June 24, Members of Parliament gave approval to Rwanda's Rwf7.8 trillion national budget for the fiscal year 2026/27 following revisions to the Budget Framework Paper (BFP) and reallocation of approximately Rwf400 billion towards critical areas. Also Read: Legislators advocate for data-driven approaches in gender-focused budgeting. Agriculture and animal husbandry saw significant benefits from the adjustments, gaining an extra Rwf3.08 billion. Their total allocation rose from Rwf352.55 billion in the initial BFP proposal to Rwf355.64 billion. On the same date, participants convened to explore ways to fund gender equity within agri-food systems under the topic "Accelerating Inclusive and Climate-Adaptive Agri-Food Systems via Gender-Sensitive Funding." Also Read: Equity between genders, women's rights and growth cannot be compromised. The New Times interviewed Florien Rurihose, Deputy Chief Gender Monitor responsible for integrating gender aspects at the Gender Monitoring Office (GMO), regarding how Rwanda applies gender-sensitive budgeting and tracks female involvement in farming and finance. How does the GMO track females' presence in agriculture? One of the primary duties of the GMO involves gathering information and statistics concerning the food production network. They perform evaluations focused on gender differences to make sure this knowledge guides choices, plans, budget allocations and program execution. That is fundamental to their mission. Additionally, they keep an eye on gender-conscious budget practices. To achieve this, Rwanda introduced a Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) scheme ensuring consideration of gender matters when setting up the countrywide budget. They observe how the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MINAGRI) along with associated bodies organize and assign funds for achieving fairness between sexes at local and regional scales. Furthermore, they offer insights back to departments, organizations, parliament, and the Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) overseeing overall strategic planning and monetary management. Another crucial element of their job entails performing collaborative gender reviews. Such inspections occur together with governmental divisions, state entities, commercial firms and others involved in agrarian supply chains. They evaluate the extent to which sex disparities have been incorporated into laws, rules, ventures and schemes. They check if establishments tackle concerns shared by males and females; if organizational values encourage active roles played by ladies; and what contributions lady workers bring toward decisions taken and advantages gained thereof. Moreover, they look over investment strategies, money flows, tracking procedures plus input provided by varied players aiming forward movement linked with equitable treatment inside farm industry. Since parity between male and female individuals holds importance throughout Rwandan structures, each organization should incorporate attention paid to gender dimensions effectively. Henceforth, we collaborate tightly with relevant parties offering factual proof coupled with specialized assistance parallelly working with the Department Of Gender And Family Support (MIGEPROF). What steps led to creation of those methods aimed at incorporating perspectives relating to womanhood? Both earlier Nation Wide Female Orientation Protocol and updated version released in 2021 demand every establishment to designate individual tasked exclusively dealing with problems connected with feminism. Particularly notable effort demonstrated within rural field area had resulted in assigning designated officers within MINAGRI, Rwanda Farm Animals Resource Advancement Council (RAB), and multiple farming endeavors. Efforts follow direction outlined through Gender Integration Methodology. Likewise, fifth step-by-step strategy centered upon transforming agriculture contains distinct metrics measuring femininity elements going to get observed regularly. Before accepting nationwide spending list, legislature examines it thoroughly. How does GMO guarantee inclusiveness considering feminine perspective? Supervising financially conscious actions aligned with fair distribution based on biological distinctions represents vital duty assigned to us. MINECOFIN created instrument called 'Gender Financial Report,' mandatory document needing preparation side by side standard budget submission. Organizations ought carry out investigations exploring discrepancies rooted deeply embedded societal conditions affecting majority population disproportionately impacted - often involving difficulties faced more intensely due past imbalances experienced historically. Upon completion of said examination, teams expected create measures targeting solutions using defined benchmarks supported appropriately funded sections without necessitating fresh capital infusion but rather reserving portions previously available amounts tackling discovered deficiencies. Example could involve allocating portion of construction costs meant for building water reservoirs directing certain share aiding resolution surrounding sexual disparity found internally. Our function consists of three phases initially assessing validity of GBS documents verifying thoroughness followed second stage reviewing submissions presented during legislative sessions giving professional advice afterward third phase examining actual application post-budget endorsement carrying out checks evaluating effect caused community living nearby. Which measurements utilized determining success rate tied to balanced resource distributions? Programme dedicated enhancing equal opportunity rests foundationally upon integration principles applying universally regardless particular domain concerned . Every entity determines problematic situations emerging primarily stemming form difference encountered locally then dedicates necessary means resolving such circumstances accordingly . Guidelines issued by MINECOFIN establish baseline expectations requiring focus placed onto impactful activities delivering direct service provision empowering people irrespective background accompanied programs striving improving balance situation existed prior . Role fulfilled ensures adherence meeting desired criteria ; occasionally GB statement might disapproved failing compliance . Some nations implement technique referred as ‘gender coding’ labeling expenditures explicitly tracing connection drawn contributing positively towards advancement oriented objectives. Despite potential merits inherent therein , currently nation adopts alternative method named “mainstreaming” utilizing GRB framework believing effectiveness derived enabling identification remediation gap situated uniquely within own fields . How do you oversee banking facilities influencing availability loans accessible predominantly to women ? We maintain oversight covering multitude domains encompassing official agencies corporate enterprises civic associations religious affiliated groups etc... A major undertaking initiated termed "Equality Recognition Initiative" motivating banks embrace ideals emphasizing respect dignity amongst all employees thereby cultivating welcoming environments nurturing career progression possibilities open doors leading positions whilst simultaneously developing tools strengthening self-reliance economically speaking . Regular scrutiny performed against financial markets producing comprehensive demographic summaries showcasing accomplishments reached thus far revealing persistent shortcomings indicating regions demanding improvement furthermore analyzing publications generated e.g Central bank annual report combined outcomes obtained research conducted known collectively as FinScope study compiling detailed statistical accounts pinpointing prevalent weaknesses probable reasons behind existence accompanying suggestions intended facilitating betterment processes Are you contented regarding ongoing status quo witnessed relative ease accessing loan products enjoyed mainly by females ? Positive developments noted notably arising owing technological innovations increasing accessibility financial offerings however substantial room still exists needed improvements remain unfulfilled obligations awaiting fulfillment. Percentage obtaining credits significantly lower approximating ten percent only. Majority operating informally relying small scale saving circles lacking sufficient liquidity reserves despite numerous obstacles hindering full realization include traditional customs limiting freedom autonomy sometimes even facing control exertion imposed relatives restricting personal ownership assets additionally encountering harassment discriminatory behaviors impeding smooth utilization of offered options Final thoughts ? Encouraging advancements recorded hitherto signify promising trajectory ahead although continuous collaboration imperative engaging authorities business interests international collaborators communal units alike ensure complete enjoyment afforded by enhanced financial openness broadened economical prospects ultimately realizing true vision of holistic prosperity achievable solely collective commitment spanning wide array spectrum stakeholder engagement worldwide. Keywords: Feminism, Fiscal Allocation, Ladies, Agronomy, Money Market, Accessible Participation

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Comfort and Dignity for Elderly Genocide Survivors Through New Partnership

Madama Debura couldn’t conceal her happiness as she greeted young guests, an encounter that offered solace, revived hope, and reminded her that she isn’t isolated. At 66 years old, she endured the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi, where she lost her spouse and six offspring. On Tuesday, June 30, guests from Zaria Court Hotel, part of the Tapestry Collection by Hilton, along with representatives from Hidden Souls visited the Genocide Survivors Village located in Mageragere Sector within the Nyarugenge District. These individuals delivered provisions, hygiene products, and money aimed at assisting older genocide victims fulfill certain essential requirements through a corporate social responsibility strategy. Hidden Souls is a regional nonprofit organization dedicated to enabling senior citizens to grow old with respect by encouraging beneficial societal and wellness practices, tackling financial hardship, and cultivating inclusivity. For Madama, this act transcended mere physical aid. "I feel relieved and extremely joyful upon receiving these youths," she shared. "They arrived here with generous hearts and empathy." Among the twelve elder survivors residing in Mageragere, Madama experienced the devastation caused by the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi, which eradicated her entire immediate family. According to her, such visits affirmed that although those kids who should have taken care of her in her later days are gone, there remain youthful individuals ready to unite alongside the surviving population. "This visit demonstrates that even though we've lost our progeny, who might currently assist us, we still find ourselves supported by compassionate generations eager to look after us," she remarked. Expressing appreciation for the contributions made—such as nourishment, hygienic materials, and monetary gifts—"It motivates me and serves as a reminder that we aren't overlooked. It exceeds simple assistance—it revives optimism and self-respect." She noted that the funds will allow her to purchase clothing and fundamental essentials. A life defined by sorrow: Recalling the catastrophe altering her existence, Madama detailed how the Genocide took away her partner, six children, and nearly every member of her wider kinship. "I was wedded and bore six children—they perished simultaneously with my husband throughout the Genocide. I remained solitary," she stated. Additionally, she mentioned that solely herself and her junior sibling lived following the killing of both her parents and numerous other relations. "My mother and father, plus several others in my family, were likewise eliminated. Just my youngest sister and I emerged unscathed. Existence turned exceedingly challenging since I struggled to envision what lay ahead without my offspring," she explained. Eventually, Madama indicated she obtained backing from governmental authorities and benefactors aiding her restoration efforts. Presently, she possesses shelter and availability to primary commodities. She conveyed thanks towards the youthful arrivals and wished them ongoing robustness, vitality, and capability to continue offering service toward less fortunate parties. "For aged survivors, experiences similar to this offer immense consolation particularly coming from the younger generation," she concluded further. Compassion-driven alliance: Angel Mutesi, founder and CEO of Hidden Souls, emphasized how cooperative ventures may significantly impact the lives of marginalized groups. "I'm thrilled that we joined forces with Zaria Court Hotel to uplift these aging genocide survivors. It illustrates that particular individuals possess sufficient benevolence and willingness to endorse my project," she declared. Noticing that this endeavor extends past tangible provision, allowing seniors to experience value, integration, and dignified living conditions. "Even minimal offerings enabled us to leave them grinning and elated. Perhaps one person planned to miss supper, yet now they have sustenance available—an element crucial for anyone unable to acquire it independently," she clarified. Contributing to society: Yannick Kayitare, HR manager at Zaria Court Hotel, asserted providing aid to disadvantaged segments of the populace represents core component of the establishment's CSR obligations. "This occurs consistently as a hospitality entity—and constitutes returning favor to the neighborhood—even amidst commercial operations," he described. "Although we're not classified as an NGO, we hold responsibilities necessitating contribution back into the area, and championing these elderly genocide survivors aligns perfectly with our CSR principles," he completed.

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New Water Resources Law Shifts Federal Control, Strengthens River and Dam Regulation

Kathmandu, July 2 – A newly introduced Water Resources Act aims to reform Nepal’s laws concerning water management, bringing them into line with the nation's federal system. The bill outlines the responsibilities of national, regional, and municipal authorities, along with more rigorous rules regarding water utilization, ecological conservation, and the security of dams.

The proposed law addresses various aspects including the allocation of power in irrigation and energy development, usage of water resources, safety of dams, and tracking of water consumption.

After being passed into law, it will supersede the three-decade-old Water Resources Act from 1992, and create more defined lines of authority along with improved systems for sharing income across the three levels of government.

The legislation also aims to provide legal acknowledgment for the Water and Energy Commission, which has previously functioned based on a government establishment directive.

Some of the main elements of the legislation establish a framework for water tracking, requiring officials to keep detailed logs of available and used water. Additionally, it calls for thorough evaluations of all water supplies, such as those from rivers, aquifers, rainfall, and other origins.

The suggested legislation further mandates that officials consider water set aside for religious, cultural, and environmental purposes, in addition to provisions for potable water, farming, hydroelectric power production, and various other applications.

Prakash Chandra Dulal, the vice-chairperson of the Independent Power Producers' Association Nepal (IPPAN), stated that various clauses weaken the essence of federalism by maintaining major decision-making authority within the central government.

"The Constitution created three levels of governance, yet needing permission from the commission essentially maintains centralized control over decisions," Dulal stated.

The legislation further enhances ecological protections for waterway-related development initiatives.

Developers building structures on rivers and streams are required to ensure consistent environmental flows below their projects all through the year. They have to discharge no less than 15% of a river’s lowest flow—or the level suggested by an environmental impact study, depending on which is greater—beneath the dam. The term "environmental flow" means the smallest volume of water that needs to remain flowing downstream to support the river's ecological system as well as those relying on it.

The current Water Resources Act mandates that users must employ water in a manner that does not negatively impact others. In contrast, the Hydropower Development Policy from 2001 obliges project developers to discharge at least 10 percent of a river’s lowest monthly average flow, or the quantity determined through an environmental impact study.

As per Dulal, raising the minimum distribution rate from 10 percent to 15 percent might considerably lower power production from private hydroelectric initiatives.

The legislation mandates that either 15 percent of the minimum flow rate be maintained or the quantity suggested by the ecological assessment, depending on which is greater. This will lower the power output from our initiatives," he stated. "It will notably impact those projects that were developed within the current regulatory system.

The suggested law also establishes an extensive system for categorizing dams, ensuring their security and safety.

It allows the government, following advice from the Water and Energy Commission, to categorise dams depending on their storage ability, construction type, engineering plan, and use.

According to the proposed legislation, the government will take charge of ensuring dam safety. Operators of dams can ask the government to offer security measures for their facilities. Nevertheless, if this assistance is granted, the operators will be required to cover all associated expenses. Additionally, the government has been empowered to set nationwide guidelines for dam security.

Dulal stated that the clauses are still unclear.

The legislation states that the government will offer dam protection solely upon the request of the operators, yet it fails to clarify what occurs if the government denies such a request," he stated. "Meanwhile, should the government agree to provide security, the operator must cover all associated expenses. This leads to doubts regarding the rationale for seeking governmental assistance in the initial place.

The legislation also mandates that dam managers perform thorough safety evaluations every five years using a separate group of specialists, based on how each dam is categorized.

Energy Minister Biraj Bhakta Shrestha stated that the highly anticipated law explicitly outlines the rights, obligations, and roles of national, regional, and municipal authorities as per Nepal's federal system.

He stated that the suggested legislation focuses on the preservation, environmentally responsible growth, and versatile use of water sources, while encouraging fairness across generations and minimizing water-based catastrophes.

"Our commitment is to make water resources the foundation of the nation's prosperity through the effective implementation of this law," Shrestha wrote on social media. "Only through the proper utilisation, conservation and management of water resources can sustainable development be achieved."

The legislation officially integrates the Water and Energy Commission into legal framework. The commission was set up by the government in 1975 with the aim of advancing the coordinated development, administration, and use of the nation's water and energy resources, yet it has always lacked formal recognition under statute.

Dulal opposed the suggested management framework, stating that it bars regional and municipal authorities from participating in the commission's decision-making process, thus conflicting with Nepal's federal structure.

"The suggested legislation is not entirely national nor favorable to the private sector since provincial and municipal authorities have been left out of the commission's management," he stated.

The current Water Resources Act bans the utilization of water sources without acquiring a license, with exceptions including personal consumption of drinking water, watering one’s own farm, running conventional watermills, local boating transport, and restricted usage of water resources found on privately owned land.

The suggested law also outlines a clear allocation of duties across the three levels of governance.

According to the legislation, the central government will manage irrigation initiatives spanning over 200 hectares in the Himalayan and hilly areas, as well as more than 5,000 hectares in the Tarai, Madhesh, and Inner Madhesh zones. Additionally, it will handle land stabilization efforts surpassing 5,000 square meters and river management or flood prevention activities stretching further than 10 kilometers.

Local governments would be responsible for irrigation initiatives affecting as much as 200 hectares in hilly and mountainous regions and up to 5,000 hectares in the Tarai area. They would also manage deep tube well installations, pump-based irrigation schemes, developments crossing multiple municipalities within a single region, landslide mitigation efforts ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 square meters, and river management projects stretching up to 10 kilometers.

Municipal authorities will oversee irrigation schemes utilizing shallow tube wells and land subsidence control initiatives spanning under 1,000 square meters.

In the energy industry, the national government will oversee power production initiatives that span two or more provinces, activities not under provincial or municipal authority, and the exchange of electrical power.

Provincial authorities will be responsible for monitoring hydroelectric power initiatives with an installed capacity exceeding 5 megawatts but not surpassing 25 megawatts, along with projects under 5 megawatts that span multiple municipal jurisdictions.

Municipal authorities will hold control over power generation initiatives having a maximum capacity of 5 megawatts.

Children of Divorce in Nepal Suffer Long-Term Emotional and Financial Strain

Kathmandu, July 2 – Khusi Gurung (name altered), a 21-year-old originating from Kaski, recently relocated to Japan several months back for advanced education. She grew up mainly with her mother’s relatives since she was two years old following her parents' separation.

She spent her childhood living with her mother's grandmother, uncles, aunts, and other close family members. When her parents divorced, she was too young to comprehend what was occurring or the reasons behind the change in her family situation.

I was two years old when my parents divorced. I don't truly recall much from that time," she stated. "As I got older, I slowly realized that they were residing apart rather than being a family unit.

Following the separation, both parents entered into new marriages. Her mother eventually relocated overseas with her new family and established herself abroad, leading to even less frequent face-to-face interactions. Her father stayed in Pokhara, and Khusi saw him from time to time, but not consistently.

She passed her Secondary Education Examination (SEE) and began attending secondary school. In her Grade 11 year, she focused on her studies during the mornings and occasionally met with friends or family in the evenings.

She mentioned that during this period, the emotional burden of her family circumstances grew more apparent and difficult to overlook.

I remember thinking about how much different my life might have been if my parents had stayed together, seeing my friends getting care from both of their parents, spending time with them, or marking birthdays as a full family," she stated. "At times, I couldn’t fall asleep at night because of these thoughts. Small remarks from people around me made me feel like I was lacking something essential.

Even though she hadn't personally experienced the split, her teenage years led to a stronger emotional understanding of what she had missed regarding family security.

Before reaching school level, I didn't pay much attention to it. However, during Grades 11 and 12, I began contemplating extensively about my parents' relationship as a family," she mentioned. "Looking back now, I understand that I was experiencing a challenging emotional period without truly grasping its depth.

Khusi mentioned that a significant portion of her emotional suffering stemmed from comparing herself to others.

My friends used to discuss how their parents bought them items, took them somewhere, or joined them at gatherings. This made me feel as though I was lacking something typical that others possessed," she mentioned. "It led to feelings of isolation, despite being around individuals who genuinely cared for me.

She mentioned that these emotions became stronger during her teenage years but have now become less severe.

Right now, I'm occupied with college and my job, so I don't experience that same degree of emotional struggle," she mentioned. "I've become more skilled at handling it as time has passed.

***

A young man residing in Kathmandu alongside his mother is facing ongoing emotional and economic challenges after his parents separated.

He mentioned that he was still quite young when his father left for another country following some borrowed money, but over time, he ceased all communication and stop offering financial help. In the end, the two separated through divorce a few years back.

"Upon my parents' divorce, there was an arrangement stating that my father would cover my educational expenses as long as I remained living with my mother," he mentioned.

Nevertheless, he mentioned that the agreement was not always adhered to. His father originally backed his studies, but ceased financial support following his remarriage.

My father ceased paying the school tuition following his second marriage," he stated. "At that point, my mother was without employment, and our financial situation turned very challenging.

He mentioned that the family had difficulty covering rental costs and educational fees during that time.

On some days, we didn’t have an idea of how we’d manage to cover the rent or tuition costs," he mentioned. "My dad used to occasionally promise he'd send money within a couple of days, yet frequently, he wouldn’t answer our calls. This conduct continues to be deeply distressing whenever I reflect upon it.

He no longer relies on his father for financial support.

My mom currently operates a small enterprise. I no longer reach out to my dad seeking funds," he stated. "Occasionally, I contact him, but solely when I want to, rather than for monetary purposes.

The teen continues to feel uneasy when thinking about his early years.

I still recall one aspect from my early years: we needed to plan specific moments simply to spend time as a family," he mentioned. "More often than not, my father wasn’t available. Reflecting on this even today brings me pain.

These stories reflect just a minor part of the real-life situations faced by children impacted by their parents' divorce in Nepal, as specialists point out that the emotional and societal effects are common yet rarely addressed.

As per information provided by the Supreme Court of Nepal, 40,320 legal matters were submitted in different courts during the financial year 2023-24. Out of these, 31,752 were settled.

During the financial year 2024-25, 42,739 cases related to divorce were recorded, of which 33,050 had been resolved.

As of mid-June in the ongoing financial year, 42,703 cases were submitted, with 29,131 resolved so far.

***

Psychologists indicate that when parents separate, it can lead to considerable mental and social impacts on kids, which vary based on their age, surroundings, and how involved each parent remains after the divorce.

Child and adolescent psychiatrist Dr. Amit Jha stated that divorce has a direct impact on a child's overall growth.

"In terms of a child's comprehensive growth, both the mother and father have vital and supportive roles. Typically, mothers are seen as providing emotional care, whereas fathers are usually connected with offering practical advice and teaching about outcomes," he stated.

Upon separation, this harmonious approach to child-rearing is disturbed, leaving children frequently feeling the absence of an essential source of stability.

He mentioned that the effect differs considerably across different age groups.

Younger kids usually lack a solid grasp of ideas like separation or passing away. They find it hard to understand why parents who used to live together are now apart," he mentioned. "When they reach teenage years, they start measuring their situations against those around them. Observing stable families may cause them to feel less worthy, experience emotional turmoil, and become confused."

He mentioned that this kind of emotional pressure may lead to diagnosable medical disorders.

"It may manifest as an adjustment disorder, with kids feeling sad, having a poor mood, becoming easily annoyed, and showing emotional unpredictability. In several respects, this is similar to mourning after losing someone," he stated.

Persistent stress, when not adequately addressed, may progress to more severe issues like depression, anxiety disorders, and occasionally, drug misuse. Certain kids might also become overly reliant on electronic gadgets, resulting in an overuse of screens as a way to deal with their emotions.

He emphasized that maintaining shared parenting duties following a divorce is crucial for minimizing damage.

Divorce represents a legal split, but it doesn’t mark the conclusion of parenting duties," he stated. "After the divorce, both parents remain responsible for the emotional and physical care of their children.

He mentioned that the custodial parent should also strive to maintain an equitable distribution of responsibilities.

the parent who has custody of the child should strive to offer both emotional and tangible assistance," he stated. "children must avoid being subjected to unfavorable comments regarding the other parent.

He further emphasized the significance of comprehensive familial support networks.

He stated, 'Grandparents, uncles, aunts, and extended family members can significantly help alleviate feelings of isolation and offer emotional support.'

Timely action is essential once initial indicators emerge.

Immediately seek professional counseling if a child exhibits ongoing sadness, isolation, behavioral changes, sleeping problems, or reduced food intake," he stated. "Caregivers must also take care of their own psychological well-being as well.

Laxman Prasad Sharma, a lecturer at Tribhuvan University, mentioned that broken families lead to lasting instability for kids.

Without strong emotional connections and a nurturing atmosphere, a child's growth and education may suffer considerably," he stated. "This prompts important concerns regarding the type of society we are building for tomorrow.

***

According to Articles 114 and 115 of the National Civil Code from 2017, decisions regarding custody and upbringing following a divorce take into account the child’s age and what is considered most beneficial for them.

"During decisions regarding custody in divorce proceedings, courts focus on the child's best interests," said advocate Bhabesh Gautam to Kantipur.

A minor below the age of five is typically placed with the mother, irrespective of her marital status," he stated. "Children aged between five and ten may either be entrusted to the mother’s care, with the father obligated to cover financial responsibilities, or alternatively, custody could be awarded to the father.

According to Adhikari, for children older than ten years, the child's own preferences are considered when deciding on custody.

In reality, access privileges are frequently challenging to implement even with established laws.

Even though the law permits visits anytime, enforcement within Nepalese society varies greatly," he stated. "Within wealthier households, kids are occasionally sent overseas, which can make maintaining relationships with the other parent challenging. In middle-class homes, children frequently face an absence of their father following a separation.

"Divorce is relatively uncommon among low-income families unless the woman marries again, resulting in fewer instances of children being separated," he stated.

Child welfare officer Gita KC Darnal mentioned that kids frequently find it difficult to cope with their parents' divorce, especially when one parent remarrys.

She stated, 'Children have great difficulty accepting separation.' 'When parents get married again, the emotional effect on kids usually becomes stronger. Although they may seem to accept it from the outside, many face internal challenges in adapting to new family setups.'

She emphasized that balanced emotional assistance from both parents is crucial.

She stated, 'When kids don't get equal affection and support from both parents, their psychological well-being suffers because they experience less consistency and safety.'

"Following a divorce, numerous children face emotional difficulties. Some might acquire mental health issues, whereas others could be drawn into hazardous activities or drug consumption," she stated.

She mentioned that sensations of isolation are common among children who have been impacted.

Many kids grow up envisioning a unified family," she stated. "Despite efforts from parents to stay connected following a split, children may still experience emotional loneliness as each parent starts forming their own distinct life.

PM Pushes for Rapid Completion of Danish Schools

July 2, Pakistan - On Wednesday, Prime Minister Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif instructed the appropriate agencies to speed up the construction of Danish schools throughout the nation. He also stated that a technological (Tech) campus for Danish University will be set up in Muzaffarabad, calling these educational projects a significant contribution to the country's future.

Leading a discussion on the development of Danish schools and universities, the prime minister described these organizations as some of the nation's key national treasures.

The Prime Minister's Office Media Wing stated in a press release that he instructed officials to guarantee the timely completion of Danish schools across all four provinces: Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and Islamabad.

Additionally, he requested that the architectural style of the schools embody the cultural legacy of each area.

The gathering included Ministers Azam Nazeer Tarar, Ahsan Iqbal, Attaullah Tarar, Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui, along with high-ranking officers from the respective departments.

Stressing openness, the prime minister stated that hiring of teaching personnel and other employees at both Danish Schools and Danish University should occur solely based on qualifications.

He further praised the Ministry of Federal Education and Vocational Training for the speed at which construction projects for Danish schools are progressing.

At the meeting, authorities updated the prime minister on the development of 27 Danish-funded schools being built across Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Sindh, Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and Islamabad, along with the ongoing work on the Danish University located in the national capital.

As per the report, the Danish School located in Kurri, Islamabad, has been finalized and has commenced educational programs, whereas work at the Danish Schools in Bagh, Bhimber, Sultanabad, Ghanche, and Astore is nearing completion, with lessons anticipated to begin in April 2027.

Officials further notified the gathering that the selection procedure for the teaching staff at Danish University has commenced.

The institution is set to begin educational activities in 2027 and will enroll students throughout Pakistan based on their abilities, with special attention given to offering chances to gifted young people from underdeveloped regions.

Ministry vs. NAST: Clash Over Major Reform Plan

Kathmandu, July 2 – A conflict has arisen between Nepal’s Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation and the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) regarding proposals to revise the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) Act from 1991 and significantly alter the structure of the nation's leading scientific organization.

The suggested amendment policy has already led to an objection from the Commission for the Examination of Misuse of Power (CIAA).

The Minister for Science, Technology, and Innovation, Mahabir Pun, has characterized the 33-year-old organization as burdened by excessive bureaucracy and political involvement, asserting that it needs significant changes. Nevertheless, scientists and administrators within NAST claim that the ministry is trying to erode the academy's independence under the pretense of reorganization.

Pun has publicly admitted to having interfered in the organization's matters.

The situation demands action," Pun stated. "The organization remained without oversight for an extended period. Influence from politics and decisions made due to power distribution have undermined it. It can now only be improved through external involvement.

He stated his dissatisfaction with the present condition of NAST and aimed to remove it from political interference.

As per Pun, out of NAST's yearly budget of Rs450 million, Rs270 million, approximately 75 percent, is allocated for employee wages and operational costs.

He claimed that the academy has placed greater emphasis on scholarly pursuits than on fostering innovation. According to Pun, since the leadership council is primarily composed of scholars instead of visionaries, progress has suffered, and the organization has grown excessively staffed.

we intend to invert this approach," pun stated. "we plan to expand our research team and cut down on support personnel.

Pun also stated that the organization's legal structure is obsolete.

Five decades ago, there was no information technology, and the number of universities was significantly lower than what we see today," he stated. "The NAST Act came into effect in 1991. It no longer aligns with current circumstances, and I aim to implement substantial changes.

According to the present system, Nepal's prime minister holds the position of NAST's chancellor, with the science and technology minister acting as vice-chancellor. Pun intends to eliminate this setup.

The Department of Science has already sent suggested changes to the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology Act, 1991, to the Ministry of Law, Justice, and Parliamentary Affairs.

Pun argues that the present system of administration has fostered political favoritism.

Our plan is to eliminate the role of chancellor and hire a director instead," he stated. "The organization needs to be guided by specialists. Individuals who have held their posts for many years will receive a dignified send-off, and we'll introduce dynamic younger professionals.

However, scientists and officials at NAST have increasing worries about the ministry's method.

A representative of NAST, Ram Chandra Paudel, stated that reform is essential, yet contended that the department has taken an incorrect approach.

When Minister Pun initially assumed his position, we ourselves asked him to reform NAST," Paudel stated. "However, the approach the ministry is currently taking under the guise of restructuring has caused us significant concern.

He specifically opposed suggestions that would enable the ministry to manage scientific research.

The ministry states that it will conduct studies. Scientific investigation can hardly operate under a bureaucratic framework," he remarked. "As soon as documents start moving between government employees, research comes to a halt.

Demands for changing NAST are not recent.

Dhan Bahadur Karki, a scholar affiliated with the institution, mentioned that conferences and discussions regarding organizational restructuring were held under the previous vice-chancellor, Dr Dilip Subba.

He stated, 'NAST needs to be extended across all seven provinces.' 'Our attention should not solely concentrate on cutting-edge technologies,' he added. 'We must equally emphasize our own faith, customs, and indigenous local techniques, employing them to enhance independence.'

A different NAST researcher, who wished to remain unidentified, stated that staff members had not been provided with formal discussion or official information about the reorganization initiatives.

Rather, he stated, conversations were occurring openly as the organization's future was being determined without including individuals who worked within it.

As per the scientist, the newly implemented Business Allocation Rules of 2026 allocate research duties directly to the ministry, diminishing the independence of organizations like NAST.

During a period when universities and other research organizations have faced challenges in delivering outcomes, the government should grant NAST more power," stated the scientist. "However, instead, it is attempting to subject research to administrative oversight.

Paudel mentioned that the department has been seeking advice from external specialists but hasn’t worked closely with the organization itself or tackled issues affecting its employees.

He mentioned that NAST is now functioning with both the position of vice-chancellor and secretary empty, causing significant delays in most of its regular activities.

"the transformation we seek is one that eliminates superfluous bureaucratic control and grants researchers complete power over their work," he stated.

Paudel also opposed Pun's suggestion of removing the prime minister from the role of chancellor.

we believe the prime minister should remain our chancellor since scientists desire not just financial support from the government but also acknowledgment and motivation," he stated. "the backing of the prime minister holds more significance.

Still, Pun is resolute in his intention to dismiss the prime minister from office.

A Ministry representative named Monika Jha stated that individuals with personal agendas submitted the CIAA report since the department was working towards increasing openness during NAST's renovation procedure and in choosing those who would receive awards.

A grievance filed early this week alleges that the ministry has meddled with NAST's independence and initiated an adverse publicity drive targeting the institution.

It further claims that the ministry is leveraging transparency changes in grants and honors as an excuse to take over NAST's regulatory framework and independent position.

Pun rejected those allegations.

Autonomy refers to how an organization conducts its activities," he stated. "After receiving government support, it can't freely pursue every action it desires.

It needs to create its own budget, or if it depends on public funds, it has to be responsible," he stated. "Ending the habit of employing excess personnel, providing wages without tasks, and neglecting the department under political cover will happen.

Staff members of NAST claim that the ministry has decided to proceed on its own instead of working together with the academy during a period when key leadership roles are still unfilled.

"The organization was initially set up to liberate scientific activities from administrative control and grant full independence in research," Paudel stated.

Nevertheless, after the restoration of democracy, political involvement continued to grow. Positions of leadership were more often filled by those with political connections instead of scientific specialists.

He mentioned that this has slowly led to a large administrative system where officials hold more power than scientists, causing the organization to become less appealing to new researchers.

As per Paudel, NAST can be successful only when individuals appointed to academic roles are chosen purely on the basis of their scientific and academic qualifications, not due to political considerations.

Furthermore, he emphasized that the academy desperately requires a deputy chancellor who possesses a solid academic background and a thorough grasp of modern scientific issues, pointing out that important managerial roles have been unfilled for a long time.

Paudel contended that the present hiring procedure is overly complex, making it difficult to draw in well-qualified researchers who have completed their doctorates and postdoctoral studies. He proposed the establishment of an independent and streamlined system for employing scientists.

He also dismissed proposals to move innovative initiatives beyond NAST, stating that the academy is entirely able to handle them.

Members of NAST stated that the academy has already set up innovation centers across all seven provinces, eliminating the need for the ministry to establish similar organizations.

Pun regarded those centers as mostly ceremonial.

"They are essentially just temporary accommodations occupied by one or two individuals managing funds," he stated.

He mentioned that the ministry will create specific innovation centers accessible to everyone, along with research labs inside universities, to assist students and enhance Nepal's innovative environment.

Mountain Communities' Livelihoods Collapse as Overharvesting Wears Down Himalayan Herbal Wealth

Bajhang, July 2 – Every day, a lengthy queue of women and children appears along the shores of the Bahuligad River in Chainpur, which serves as the administrative center of Bajhang. The group extends almost one and a half kilometers starting from the suspended bridge close to Khulamanch (an open-air theater) up to the cement bridge located at Chaud. They remain there for many hours, grinding rocks into sand amidst the intense summer sun.

One of them is 62-year-old Junkiri Bohara from Thakunnada in Ward 4 of Surma Rural Municipality. Weak and unwell, she can no longer lift a large hammer. Rather, she gathers tiny pebbles carried downstream by the river, transports them in a doko (a bamboo basket) using a cane for assistance, and carefully breaks them into gravel with a smaller hammer.

When I'm feeling well for a few months, I can gather enough gravel to load two truck trailers. But if I get sick, even loading one becomes hard," explained Junkiri, wiping the sweat from her forehead. "I don’t have a choice—I must keep working just to stay alive. At my age, I never thought I’d be making a living by crushing rocks.

A truckload of stones costs approximately Rs4,500 in Chainpur. Her earnings are just sufficient for Junkiri to afford renting a tiny room close to the river and manage her everyday needs.

Eight years ago, her lifestyle was completely different. She resided with her spouse, three children, their spouses, and grandkids. Their agricultural land yielded sufficient food for merely two or three months yearly; however, the household managed all other necessities through gathering yarsagumba (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) along with various herbal remedies from elevated regions. Collectively, they generated an annual income ranging from 1 million rupees to 1.2 million rupees during the three-month collection period, which provided adequate sustenance for the entire family and also allowed them to accumulate savings.

Their situation improved following her husband's diagnosis with a kidney illness. The family used up all their savings and took on significant loans for his medical care, yet he ultimately passed away. The debts stayed behind, along with the loss of the income that had previously supported them.

"If herbal remedies were as accessible now as they used to be, my sons might have been able to pay off the debts," said Junkiri. "These days, there's almost nothing left to gather. They didn’t have much choice but to go to India in search of employment. Now I’m all alone here." When sickness stops her from working, she relies on the monthly stipend given to unmarried women.

Many individuals who are chipping rocks near Bahuligad belong to the Surma Rural Municipality, and several have comparable experiences.

Not long ago, around ten years back, Surma was regarded as one of the more economically successful rural local units in Bajhang due to its abundant supply of medicinal plants. Earnings derived from yarsagumba, wild garlic (Allium ursinum), satuwa (Paris polyphylla), and various high-value herbs significantly improved living standards. Households purchased property in Chainpur, Dhangadhi, and Mahendranagar, constructed homes, and enrolled their kids into costly academic programs like engineering, nursing, and sciences at institutions located in cities such as Kathmandu, Pokhara, Butwal, and Dhangadhi.

"Previously, medicinal plants were plentiful, allowing people to make a good income," stated Jharana Bohara from Ward 4 of Surma. "Today, these plants have nearly vanished. We experience bad harvests, lack employment opportunities, and are left with no option but to accept any available job just to support our families." She mentioned that selling small stones now covers her rental costs and her children’s education fees.

Local residents mention that during the mid-2000s, individuals from the rural district nearly ceased traveling to India for employment opportunities due to the growth of the medicinal plant industry. This pattern has since changed.

Several kids had to drop out of school in the city and go back to the countryside since their families can’t cover the expenses anymore," mentioned Manisha Bohara, another local from Surma. "The medicinal plants aren't easily found like before, and there’s no alternative stable way to earn money.

The challenges go far beyond Surma. Areas including Saipal, Talkot, Masta, Chhabis Pathibhera, and Bungal rural municipalities, along with the northern parts of Jayaprithvi Municipality, where agriculture struggles due to the tough Himalayan landscape, have also experienced worsening living conditions as herbal cultivation has dropped.

Limited options available, numerous families have secured their houses and moved jointly to India for work opportunities.

Dharma Singh, who resides in Pimi village within Ward 1 of Jayaprithvi Municipality, is one of them. Six years ago, his family enjoyed a comfortable life. Each spring, Dharma gathered yarsagumba along with various medicinal plants from the high-altitude meadows of Saipal and Surma, making an annual income ranging from Rs300,000 to Rs500,000. His wife, Shanti, added to the household’s revenue by collecting herbs like satuwa and sugandhawal from surrounding woods. While their agricultural land provided enough food for just several months, the profits from these medicinal plants covered all their requirements.

Currently, their humble home remains closed and empty. The walls that were once smoothly coated with plaster have now dulled, vegetation spreads across the yard, and the family hasn't come back in six years.

In the early days, they made good money, but later faced losses for three or four years in a row since they couldn’t locate sufficient medicinal plants," said their neighbor Laldevi. "Every year, they spent several months in the mountains, took loans just to get by, and finally went to India to settle their obligations. They haven’t come back in six years.

The former ward chairman, Gagan Bahadur Singh, stated that Dharma's family is not an isolated case. Within the village, which consists of approximately 400 households, over 70 families who previously relied on medicinal plants have left their residences following the collapse of their customary means of livelihood.

The drop reflects an ongoing larger issue affecting the nation's mountainous regions. Decreased yields of yarsagumba, along with environmental changes, excessive collection, and insufficient oversight have gradually diminished the supply of valuable healing plants, weakening rural communities that had come to rely significantly on this temporary economic activity. In Bajhang, for many households, what used to be a route out of hardship has now turned into a narrative of decreasing chances, growing financial burdens, and moving away in pursuit of basic needs.

As yarsagumba disappeared, so too did the revenue

For many years, the sale of yarsagumba, commonly referred to as kira, served as the primary means of livelihood for Govinda Rokaya’s family of nine residing in Lokanda within Ward 4 of Talkot Rural Municipality. Their agricultural land yielded just sufficient sustenance for about two months, yet profits derived from this highly valued Himalayan mushroom supported their home life since the early 2000s. This revenue provided for basic necessities like food, clothes, kitchen supplies, and funded the children's schooling, with additional savings allowing the family to construct a new residence in their village.

Life maintained a regular pattern. Each year, the family spent three months gathering yarsagumba in the high-altitude meadows and used the remaining time for agricultural work. This schedule provided economic security for over 15 years. However, within the last five or six years, all of this has shifted.

Currently, the 45-year-old frequently transports large quantities of cement, iron bars, zinc plates, and pipes on his back for three or four days to isolated villages within the Saipal Rural Municipality. On different occasions, he goes to Nainital, Kharikhan, and Kedarnath in India looking for job opportunities.

When I got out of my work in India through the yarsagumba harvest, I felt relieved. But now, this very struggle has come back again," stated Govinda. He remembers gathering up to 500 to 600 units of yarsagumba each day during the years 2003 to 2008. "Whenever we discovered one, there were usually an additional 200 or 300 close by," he mentioned. "These days, once you find one, you must travel to the next hillside just to seek more. On some occasions, you keep searching till your hands and legs hurt, yet still go home without anything.

From 2007 to 2017, plentiful crops along with favorable selling prices sparked an economic upswing throughout rural Bajhang. This particular fungi, frequently referred to as "Himalayan gold," helped numerous households escape long-term hardship. However, this period of wealth was not enduring.

Another instance is Dhanya Bohara from Surma. Fifteen years back, his family of nineteen members had difficulty covering their basic expenses, with four out of his six children leaving school before finishing fifth grade due to financial constraints. However, when the yarsagumba business took off, the family's situation improved significantly. Through gathering yarsagumba, they constructed a cement house in their village, bought property in Chainpur, and within just a few years, generated up to Rs2.5 million.

Those times are over. In the last five or six years, the whole family has made just between Rs200,000 and Rs300,000 each year from yarsagumba. "We have more people to support now. The mushroom isn't as abundant anymore, and we don't have any alternative way to earn money," explained Dhanya.

Prices plunge as well

While there are no formal statistics indicating the precise amount of Bajhang's herbal medicine commerce, merchants believe the industry generated approximately Rs2 billion each year up to the financial year 2021-22. However, with decreased output, the trade has significantly shrunk, prompting numerous sellers to leave the sector completely.

Herbal merchant Basanta Khadka mentioned that only individuals with funds locked in initial payments are attempting to keep going. "Numerous traders who weren’t economically involved have already left. Just a small number of us remain hoping to get back the deposits we made to middlemen," he stated.

As per Khadka, merchants historically offered upfront payments to collectors prior to the harvest period. Previously, a collector who got an advance of Rs200,000 was able to gather herbs valued between Rs500,000 and Rs600,000. Currently, many find it difficult to gather items worth as little as Rs50,000 to Rs60,000. “If collectors fail to provide herbs matching the amount they were paid in advance, they end up in debt,” he mentioned. “Meanwhile, traders also face significant monetary setbacks.”

Dan Bahadur Surmeli, a seller of traditional herbs and head of the Bajhang Chamber of Commerce and Industry, believes that the local herbal business has dropped by approximately 70% when measured against levels from eight to ten years back.

Previously, I was trading herbs valued at approximately Rs250 million each year, with other merchants dealing in higher quantities," he stated. "Currently, my company only handles sales ranging from Rs10 million to Rs15 million per annum.

Information from the Forest Office in Bajhang indicates a significant decrease in yarsagumba output. Yearly exports, which peaked at up to 424 kilograms during 2008–2013, declined to only 136 kilograms by 2025–26. Gatherers face increased challenges since prices have also decreased along with the yield. According to Surmeli, yarsagumba was sold for as high as Rs3 million per kilogram in the area between 2009 and 2011, but last year it was valued below Rs800,000 per kilogram.

Numerous research findings highlight similar patterns. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) noted a 30% reduction in yarsagumba numbers within the last 15 years and classified the organism as endangered. Upon the release of this evaluation on the IUCN Red List in 2021, Gregory Mueller, head of the IUCN Species Survival Commission's Fungi Conservation Committee, mentioned that overharvesting had led to the species being categorized as at risk.

Following yarsagumba, wild garlic has emerged as one of the top sources of revenue for people living in the mountains of Bajhang. It used to be sold for up to Rs40,000 per kg at the gathering site, but it has now grown harder to find.

About four or five years back, an individual was able to gather four or five kilograms in a single day," mentioned Bimala Bohara from Saipal Rural Municipality. "Today, it requires four or five days merely to collect one or two kilograms. Should this trend persist, we might soon face difficulty locating even a solitary plant.

The significant increase in the price of wild garlic led to overharvesting and premature collection, which sped up its decrease. As per records from the Division Forest Office, exports fell from 4,428 kilograms during the 2021-22 financial year to 1,800 kilograms in the previous year.

Several valuable herbs are experiencing comparable patterns. Satuwa, which was previously gathered in amounts exceeding 3,700 kilograms per year prior to harvesting limitations introduced due to excessive use, has almost vanished. According to Forest Office data, shipments dropped from 145 kilograms during the 2023–24 period to only 10 kilograms the subsequent year. The IUCN classifies this plant as endangered.

The production of various economically significant herbs, such as kutaki (Picrorhiza kurroa) and setakchini (Polygonatum verticillatum), has also seen a sharp decline. The export volume of kutaki has decreased from approximately 48,000 kg per year to only 4,500 kg, whereas setakchini exports have reduced from roughly 60,000 kg to 24,000 kg within the last decade.

Bajhang, a hilly region located within the Sudurpaschim Province, also sends out numerous other healing plants such as padamchal, bishjara, bojho, bhrigiraj, bhojpatra, sugandhawal, and resiny pine items, all used as unprocessed ingredients. The variety of herbal species being exported has decreased from approximately 40 types a ten years back to only 25 now. As per Dipesh Pakurel, an expert in traditional medicines working with the Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB), medicinal herbs contribute about 40 percent to the yearly family earnings in several Himalayan villages. With decreasing output, households relying significantly on these commodities are encountering increasing financial difficulties.

Excessive harvesting, logging, and disposal worsen the herbal shortage

As noted by experienced collectors, the significant drop in the production of herbal medicines is mainly due to overharvesting done at inappropriate times and without proper selection.

Dil Bahadur Bohara from Surma remembers that a collector used to earn between Rs300,000 and Rs400,000 in one season just from wild garlic. Today, even those who do best can only manage around Rs15,000 to Rs20,000.

"Wild garlic and satuwa must be collected only after their seeds have fully developed and dropped to the ground near the end of June. However, individuals currently start excavating them as early as April. This practice has negatively impacted our own future. Had the plants been permitted to produce seeds initially, they could have replenished themselves. Rather than being left to multiply, they are pulled out from the soil prematurely," stated Dil Bahadur.

Collectors claim a comparable trend has severely impacted yarsagumba. A common local technique called "jhadu laune" entails removing vegetation and excavating the earth in pursuit of the fungal species. As they explain, this approach eliminates the subterranean larvae which eventually mature into yarsagumba.

When individuals eliminate all the grass coverage and excavate the soil, live larvae become visible," stated collector Jaya Bahadur Rokaya from ward 4 of Talkot Rural Municipality. "After the larvae emerge onto the surface, they are unable to mature into fungi.

Environmental researcher Uttam Babu Shrestha, who has extensively researched yarsagumba and herbs from the Himalayas, states that climate change has made matters worse.

Reduced and more unpredictable winter snowfall, along with increasing temperatures, has impacted the entire Himalayan environment," he stated. "Medicinal plants are naturally among the species facing these effects.

Collectors also point fingers at extensive deforestation occurring in regions where alpine herbs are cultivated. According to Devendra Dhami from Saipal, forests that previously blanketed whole hillside areas have nearly vanished within the last ten years. "Areas that used to be densely wooded are now practically empty. Yarsagumba flourished under bushes and trees, whereas herbs like satuwa can hardly endure without tree coverage," he mentioned.

A significant amount of firewood is harvested each season by gatherers and herders. According to a 2021 report from the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), a typical group of six individuals consumes approximately 12 kilograms of firewood daily. As nearly 15,000 people visit the high-altitude pastures each year, overall firewood usage over the three-month gathering period becomes massive, contributing to deforestation and harming ecosystems home to plants like wild garlic, satuwa, atis, and various important medicinal herbs.

Seasonal grass fires have intensified the decrease. Rajendra Dhami, former chairman of Saipal Rural Municipality, stated that certain collectors intentionally burn grasslands to make yarsagumba more visible, whereas others start fires due to frustration following unproductive hunts. Discarded cigarette ends also lead to wildfires. "When a fire takes hold, it not only harms the yarsagumba environment but also wipes out all vegetation found in these high-altitude meadows," he mentioned.

The waste generated by numerous temporary gatherers has emerged as an additional major issue. Plastic wrappings, used garments, bottles, and various trash now pollute several alpine grasslands.

Medicinal plants do not thrive in areas with shattered glass, plastic, or other debris," stated Kalpana Bohara from Surma. "Even a small fragment of abandoned fabric can hinder the growth of yarsagumba.

A research project by ICIMOD carried out in Saipal revealed that over 40,000 quintals of debris have already gathered in collection zones, with the amount continuing to rise annually.

Dinesh Rokaya from Sahara Nepal, who worked together on the research, cautioned that should this pattern persist, besides yarsagumba, numerous medicinal plants found in the Himalayas might vanish from these grazing areas within just a few years.

Intensive seasonal lamb grazing is also thought to play a role in the decrease. Over 25,000 sheep from Bajhang and nearby areas feed in highland pastures during spring and summer, with temporary shelters staying up for long durations.

Botanical conservation specialist Reshu Basyal stated that the current situation can't be addressed merely by pointing fingers at buyers or dealers. "A significant number of those who collect plants lack knowledge about environmentally friendly gathering techniques," she mentioned. "The main focus needs to be on curbing unlawful picking, developing new sources of income, and encouraging responsible practices via education, rules, and teamwork."

Shambhu Tiwari, head of the Division Forest Office in Bajhang, stated that local administrations, revenue officials, forestry departments, and the private industry should collaborate to enhance preservation initiatives and guarantee the continued viability of the area's important medicinal plants.